烤烟不同叶位叶片有机酸含量的差异分析

采用硫酸甲酯化前处理,结合气相色谱-质谱( GC/MS)分离分析技术,研究了烤烟不同叶位叶片(L8-L12,即从底部第8位叶向上到第12位叶)有机酸含量的差异.GC/MS定量分析结果表明:烤烟不同叶位叶片中,苹果酸、γ-戊酮酸、柠檬酸、丙二酸、乙二酸、亚麻酸和软脂酸含量相对较高,是烤烟中主要的有机酸成分;并且不同叶位叶...     

新生代农民工市民化的现实困境与解决路径

随着我国城市化进程的不断加快,新生代农民工市民化问题日益凸显,面临着制度、经济、文化、自身素质四大困境的制约。因此,政府、企业、社会团体和新生代农民工个人要高度重视新生代农民工市民化问题,统筹协作,积极探索新生代农民工市民化的有效路径。     

Variations in Carbohydrate and Protein Accumulation among Spikelets at Different Positions Within a Panicle During Rice Grain Filling

The accumulation dynamics of kernel components for spikelets at different positions within a rice panicle were investigated during grain filling to understand the physiological reasons for the variation of grain quality.Two rice cultivars,Yangdao 6 (indica) and Yangjing 9538 (japonica),were field-grown,and the grain filling characters and contents of starch,soluble sugar,and protein of the spikelets at different positions were studied.There were significant differences in matter accumulation among spikelets at different positions during grain filling.The early-flowering spikelets presented dominance over the late-flowering spikelets in initial time and initial rate of accumulation.At the initial and mid filling stages,the contents and the rates of starch and amylose accumulation in spikelets decreased with the flowering sequence,but soluble sugar content (SSC) exhibited the opposite trend.The difference in SSC among the spikelets of Yangjing 9538 was greater than that of Yangdao 6,but amylose content in mature spikelets showed no obvious relationship to their flowering sequence.The crude protein content (CPC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering ones at the initial filling stage,and CPC in the spikelets on the secondary branch was higher than that on the primary branch,but CPC in early-flowering ones was lower than that in late-flowering across the whole grain filling period.Grain water content (GWC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering spikelets on the same branch at the initial and mid filling stages,especially for the top grain on each primary branch.The results suggested that poor grain filling of late-flowering spikelets may be attributed to their low biological activity rather than carbohydrate supply limitation.     

水土保持植物措施与径流调控工程对位配置数量化分析

在水土保持措施对位配置原理与方法的指导下,以位于黄土丘陵区第5副区的安定区九华沟流域为例证,系统分析了研究区域环境资源的分布规律及常见水土保持植物措施的限制性因子,通过植物措施需求位与所处环境资源位的数量化分析,以植物措施对位配置为指导,以径流调控工程技术为手段,以满足植物需水为目标,进行了水土保持植物措施需求位与治理...     

不同坡位下罗甸小米核桃枝构件研究

为了探索不同坡位下罗甸小米核桃枝构件特征,运用Harper构件理论对处于中坡位、坡下位以及无坡位的罗甸小米核桃枝构件情况进行了调查分析。结果表明：(1)坡下位罗甸小米核桃分枝数较大,生长较旺盛;(2)罗甸小米核桃空间拓展能力大小为无坡位>中坡位>坡下位,光照和二氧化碳的利用潜力某种程度上取决于一级枝的分枝长度;(3)罗甸小米核桃分枝能力大小为无坡位>中坡位>坡下位,枝条分枝能力大小为三级枝>二级枝>一级枝;(4)一级枝与二级枝之间水分和养分的运输状况对罗甸小米核桃的生长发育影响最大。     

小麦叶绿素荧光参数叶位差异及其与植株氮含量的关系

以中蛋白质含量小麦品种矮抗58和高蛋白质含量品种郑麦366为试验材料,2008-2010年连续2个生长季进行了施氮梯度下(0、90、180和270 kg hm^-2)的田间试验。在关键生育时期同步测定叶片荧光参数、叶和茎生物质量及氮含量,建立了基于叶位差的小麦植株氮含量荧光估算模型。结果表明,在小麦旺盛生长的拔节至孕穗期叶绿素荧光参数F_m、F_v、F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o与对应叶片氮含量的相关系数分别为0.557、0.601、0.619和0.633,均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。顶三叶间荧光参数差异较小,随施氮水平提高,顶部第4叶荧光参数与顶三叶间差异逐渐缩小,说明其对增施氮肥反应敏感。顶部第4叶与顶部第1叶间的荧光参数差异(LPD_4-1)可较好拟合小麦拔节期植株氮含量变化,F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m方程决定系数R²分别为0.644 (P<0.001)和0.651 (P<0.001);顶部第4叶与顶部第2叶间的荧光参数差异(LPD_4-2)方程拟合决定系数有所降低,分别为0.626 (P<0.002)和0.592 (P<0.005);而顶部第4叶与顶三叶之间的差异(LPD_4-n)与小麦孕穗期植株氮含量间呈显著线性关系,其F_o、F_v和F_m方程决定系数分别为0.726 (P<0.001)、0.791 (P<0.001)和0.784 (P<0.001)。独立数据检验结果表明,小麦拔节期对F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m的LPD_4-1预测精度R²分别为0.844( P<0.001)和0.828 (P<0.001),相对误差(RE)分别为13.0%和16.7%,而LPD_4-2估算植株氮含量精度有所降低,R²分别为0.793 (P<0.001)和0.813 (P<0.001),RE分别为16.9%和18.4%。小麦孕穗期对F_v和F_m的LPD_4-n预测方程的R²分别为0.831 (P<0.001)和0.815 (P<0.001),RE分别为13.2%和16.4%。比较而言,小麦拔节期F_v/F_o的LPD_4-1和孕穗期F_v的LPD_4-n可更好地用于评估不同条件下植株氮含量的变化,为施肥调控提供决策依据。     

Nova Scotia's bloodworm harvest: Assessment, regulation, and governance

The Nova Scotia commercial blood worm harvest was first regulated in 2002; by 2008 regulations included limited entry, seasons, area closures, minimum legal size, and reporting of daily sales and fishing location. To aid in setting minimum legal size, size of maturity was measured in the two main harvest areas. Biologist-directed and harvester-directed methods for surveying worm densities and sizes on intertidal mud flats were found to be robust. With 16 samples tests of two survey means would detect differences of 0.5 standard deviations (type I error of 0.1). With 16 samples two means separated by 1.3 standard deviations would not be declared the same when they were actually different (type II error of 0.25). Depth of digging affected survey results; the time of air exposure of the mud, the temperature of the mud surface, and the choice of harvester-samplers did not. Mud flats should be managed individually because interchange of worms between flats is probably small. Decision rules of 0.6 and 0.8 legal sized worms/m² have been set for closing a beach and opening a closed beach, respectively. Progress in fishery governance was achieved using the above results and by involving harvesters and a citizens group in decision making.     

利用三重测交群体剖析玉米株高与穗位高杂种优势的遗传学基础

以玉米强优势杂交种组合豫玉22及其重组近交系为材料,按照TTC (triple testcross)遗传交配设计,组配了270个测交后代的TTC群体。利用复合区间作图法,对控制株高与穗位高的QTL进行了分析,分别检测到20和17个主效QTL,其中超显性位点最多(11个和8个),加性次之(5个和6个),显性(2个和0个)和部分显性较少(2个和3个)。分析发现,存在同时控制株高与穗位高杂种优势的QTL区域,即Bin1.06区域(umc2151~umc1122)、Bin3.05区域(umc2127~umc2166~ umc1539)以及Bin7.03区域(umc1865~umc1888),这也与在各个环境中株高与穗位高的相关性吻合。另外,还分别检测到两性状4个和7个QTL与遗传背景之间的互作,22对和12对标记间的互作,分别解释表型变异的3.26%~16.58%和3.44%~22.41%,说明上位性也可能与这两个性状及其杂种优势的形成有重要关系。     

Comparison of field sampling methods for assessing coarse woody debris and use of airborne laser scanning as auxiliary information

Coarse woody debris (CWD) has been recognized as one of the strongest indicators of forest biodiversity and its assessment has been emphasized in the development of new inventory methods. In this study, the most commonly referenced probability sampling methods were tested in a field area of 305.8 ha to gain comparative information on their performance and efficiency. Simple random sampling (SRS), systematic sampling and cluster sampling with fixed sized circular sample plots were tested, as well as strip sampling, transect relascope sampling and adaptive cluster sampling (ACS). Point relascope sampling and line intersect sampling were also tested for inventories of downed dead wood volumes. In addition, the amount of standing dead wood was assessed by means of traditional small angle relascope sampling. In general, the use of additional information in the inventory process has shown promising results. A new method for using data derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS) as a source of auxiliary information in the assessment of CWD volumes is presented, using probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling for the selection of the first-stage sample units in ACS (ACS_PPS) and for the placement of fixed sized plots (PLOT_PPS). The sampling methods were compared in terms of the cost-effectiveness. Point relascope sampling proved the most efficient sampling method for inventorying CWD volumes. PLOT_PPS and ACS_PPS were more efficient than the inventory of fixed sized plots (PLOT_SRS) and ACS (ACS_SRS) where sample units were selected with SRS. However, these methods could not achieve the same efficiency as relascope samplings. Nevertheless, the use of probability layers derived from ALS data gave promising results and offers new possibilities for inventorying CWD volumes more efficiently.